Military necessity : the art, morality, and law of war
| Published: | Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore : Cambridge University Press, 2020 |
|---|---|
| Persons: | |
| Format: | Book / Printed Book |
| Language: | English |
| Physical description: | xxvii, 423 Seiten : Illustrationen |
| Item Description: |
Bibliographie: Seite 391-404 |
| ISBN: | 9781108484718 9781108723497 |
| Classification - More hits on the same topic: | VR: XVII H = Völkerrecht: Kriegsrecht. Gesamtdarstellung.: |
| LEADER | 14651nam 2200457 u 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | VR001076996 | ||
| 003 | VRH01000000000000001058424 | ||
| 008 | t s2020 r ||| eng | ||
| 007 | tu||||||||||||||||||||| | ||
| 020 | |a 978-1-108-48471-8 |c hardback | ||
| 020 | |a 978-1-108-72349-7 |c paperback | ||
| 020 | |a 1108484719 | ||
| 020 | |a 1108723497 | ||
| 090 | |a VR XVII H 130 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Hayashi, Nobuo <<[VerfasserIn]>> | |
| 245 | 0 | 0 | |a Military necessity |b the art, morality, and law of war |c Nobuo Hayashi (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute) |
| 260 | |a Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore |b Cambridge University Press |c 2020, 2020 | ||
| 300 | |a xxvii, 423 Seiten : Illustrationen | ||
| 520 | |a "This book asserts that, under international humanitarian law (IHL), military necessity neither obligates nor prohibits. Rather, it merely - and therefore indifferently - permits. This new theory challenges two influential views that currently exist on the subject. According to one, IHL bans unnecessary acts even if they do not violate any of its specific rules. Although IHL endeavours to accommodate war necessities, it does not make it its business to save incompetent belligerents from themselves. The other view holds that neither military necessity nor humanity justifies breaches of unqualified IHL rules. Military necessity clearly does not, but humanitarian imperatives may. Conversely, gross inhumanity may become unlawful even where no IHL rule specifically prohibits it"-- | ||
| 041 | 0 | 7 | |a eng |2 ISO 639-2 |
| 993 | |a 2006 | ||
| 993 | |a toc | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliographie: Seite 391-404 | ||
| 775 | |t Erscheint auch als (Online-Ausgabe): Hayashi, Nobuo: Military Necessity | ||
| 024 | 8 | |a 9781108484718 | |
| 024 | 3 | |a 9781108484718 | |
| 084 | |a VR: XVII H | ||
| 028 | 5 | 0 | |a 10.1017/9781108689359 |
| 998 | |a VR: XVII H | ||
| 998 | |a Kriegsrecht. Gesamtdarstellung. | ||
| 998 | |a VR: XVII H | ||
| 856 | |u https://aleph.mpg.de:443/F?func=service&doc_library=VRH01&local_base=VRH01&doc_number=001058424&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 ToC |m Völkerrecht Heidelberg |z VIEW | ||
| 992 | |a CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 978-1-108-48471-8 * MILITARY NECESSITY NOBUO HAYASHI TABLE OF CONTENTS MORE INFORMATION WWW.CAMBRIDGE.ORG IN THIS WEB SERVICE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIV LIST OF TREATIES AND ASSOCIATED INSTRUMENTS XV TABLE OF CASES XVIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXVI **** * INTRODUCTION 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 TOWARDS A NEW THEORY OF MILITARY NECESSITY 5 1.2 STRUCTURE 7 1.3 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS 12 **** ** MILITARY NECESSITY IN ITS MATERIAL CONTEXT 17 2 FITNESS OF MEANS AND VOCATIONAL COMPETENCE 19 2.1 ENDS, MEANS AND CIRCUMSTANCES 20 2.2 NO NEED TO SHOW BUT-FOR CAUSATION 25 2.2.1 NO CAUSATION REQUIRED 25 2.2.2 NO BUT-FOR REQUIRED 27 2.3 MILITARY NON-NECESSITIES 29 2.3.1 NON-NECESSITIES PER SE: FUTILITY AND PURPOSELESSNESS 29 2.3.2 RELATIVE NON-NECESSITIES 30 2.3.2.1 WASTEFULNESS 30 2.3.2.2 EXCESSIVENESS 33 2.3.2.3 INAPPOSITENESS 34 2.4 CONCLUSION 35 3 OBJECTIONS AND RESPONSES 37 3.1 MILITARY COMPETENCE VS. ETHICAL COMPETENCE 37 3.2 MILITARY COMPETENCE AS ETHICAL COMPETENCE 44 3.3 ETHICAL COMPETENCE AS MILITARY COMPETENCE 46 3.4 CONCLUSION 49 VII CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 978-1-108-48471-8 * MILITARY NECESSITY NOBUO HAYASHI TABLE OF CONTENTS MORE INFORMATION WWW.CAMBRIDGE.ORG IN THIS WEB SERVICE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS **** *** MILITARY NECESSITY IN ITS NORMATIVE CONTEXT 51 4 MILITARY NECESSITY AND LEGITIMACY MODIFICATION 53 4.1 FROM MATERIALITY TO NORMATIVITY 53 4.2 NECESSITY, EVIL AND LEGITIMACY 56 4.3 PURPOSE VIS-A-VIS CONDUCT 56 4.3.1 WHERE THE PURPOSE SOUGHT IS ILLEGITIMATE 57 4.3.2 WHERE THE PURPOSE SOUGHT IS LEGITIMATE 60 4.4 CONDUCT VIS-A-VIS PURPOSE 66 4.4.1 THE CONDUCT IS DEEMED EVIL 66 4.4.1.1 THE CONDUCT IS DEEMED EVIL YET NECESSARY 68 4.4.1.2 THE CONDUCT IS DEEMED EVIL AND UNNECESSARY 69 4.4.1.3 PREAMBLE OF THE 1868 ST. PETERSBURG DECLARATION: EVIL CONDUCT IS ILLEGITIMATE IF IT IS UNNECESSARY 72 4.4.2 THE CONDUCT IS DEEMED UN-EVIL 75 4.4.2.1 THE CONDUCT IS DEEMED UN-EVIL AND NECESSARY 76 | ||
| 992 | |a 4.4.2.2 THE CONDUCT IS DEEMED UN-EVIL AND UNNECESSARY 76 4.4.2.3 PREAMBLE OF THE 1868 ST. PETERSBURG DECLARATION: IS UN-EVIL CONDUCT ILLEGITIMATE IF IT IS UNNECESSARY? 81 4.5 SPECIAL CASES: CONDUCT CONSIDERED EVIL IN AN EXCLUSIVELY SELF-IN FL ICTED WAY 81 4.5.1 MINDING ONE ' S OWN BUSINESS? 82 4.5.2 ARE ALL WAR CRIMES THE ENEMY ' S CRIMES? 86 4.5.3 LIFE OF A SOLDIER 91 4.5.4 DELEGITIMISING SELF-IN FL ICTED EVIL IN WAR 93 4.6 CONCLUSION 96 5 INEVITABLE CONFLICT THESIS 98 5.1 OVERVIEW 101 5.2 INEVITABILITY OF NORM CON FL ICTS 104 5.2.1 NON-COINCIDENCE OF MILITARY NECESSITY AND HUMANITY IN THEIR MATERIAL SENSE 105 5.2.2 MILITARY NECESSITY AND HUMANITY AS GENERATORS OF IMPERATIVES 106 5.2.2.1 OBLIGATING MATERIALLY NECESSARY ACTS 107 5.2.2.2 PROHIBITING MATERIALLY UNNECESSARY ACTS 110 5.2.3 INEVITABLE CON FL ICT BETWEEN IMPERATIVES OF MILITARY NECESSITY AND IMPERATIVES OF HUMANITY 112 5.2.3.1 NORM CON FL ICTS AND THEIR PRE-EMPTION GENERALLY 112 5.2.3.2 NORM CON FL ICTS BETWEEN MILITARY NECESSITY AND HUMANITY, AND THEIR PRE-EMPTION IN IHL NORM-CREATION 114 VIII ******** CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 978-1-108-48471-8 * MILITARY NECESSITY NOBUO HAYASHI TABLE OF CONTENTS MORE INFORMATION WWW.CAMBRIDGE.ORG IN THIS WEB SERVICE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 5.3 INADMISSIBILITY OF MILITARY NECESSITY AND HUMANITY PLEAS VIS-A-VIS ALL UNQUALI FI ED IHL RULES 116 5.3.1 EXCLUDING MILITARY NECESSITY AND HUMANITY PLEAS ALIKE 116 5.3.2 MILITARY NECESSITY AND HUMANITY ACCOUNTED FOR IN ALL POSITIVE IHL RULES 118 5.4 CONCLUSION 119 6 JOINT SATISFACTION THESIS I: ALIGNMENT AND INDIFFERENCE 120 6.1 MILITARY NECESSITY-HUMANITY ALIGNMENT IN THEIR MATERIAL CONTEXT 121 6.1.1 UNNECESSARY AND INHUMANE 122 6.1.2 NECESSARY AND HUMANE 128 6.1.3 EFFECTIVE ARMIES COMMITTING ATROCITIES: DO THEY INVALIDATE THE POSSIBILITIES OF MILITARY NECESSITY-HUMANITY ALIGNMENT? 131 6.2 MILITARY NECESSITY AS NORMATIVE INDIFFERENCE 135 6.2.1 NORMATIVE INDIFFERENCE GENERALLY 136 | ||
| 992 | |a 6.2.2 NORMATIVE INDIFFERENCE TOWARDS MILITARY SUCCESS OR FAILURE 136 6.2.3 DISABLING ' NAKED ' SOLDIERS 138 6.2.4 HIGH-ALTITUDE AERIAL BOMBARDMENT 141 6.2.5 RECRUITING CHILD SOLDIERS 142 6.3 NOR DOES HUMANITY ALWAYS GENERATE IMPERATIVES 143 6.3.1 HUMANITY ' S PERMISSION AND TOLERANCE 143 6.3.2 DEMANDING VS. PRAISING HUMANE ACTS 145 6.4 CONCLUSION 148 7 JOINT SATISFACTION THESIS II: ACCOUNTING FOR THE MILITARY NECESSITY-HUMANITY INTERPLAY IN IHL NORM-CREATION 149 7.1 JOINT SATISFACTION THANKS TO MILITARY NECESSITY-HUMANITY ALIGNMENT 150 7.1.1 UNQUALI FI ED OBLIGATIONS TO PURSUE JOINT SATISFACTION THAT IS BASED ON FORBEARANCE 150 7.1.1.1 USING BANNED WEAPONS 152 7.1.1.2 KILLING POWS 155 7.1.1.3 COMMITTING RAPE 156 7.1.2 UNQUALI FI ED OBLIGATIONS TO PURSUE JOINT SATISFACTION THAT IS BASED ON PERFORMANCE 157 7.2 PAUCITY OF UNQUALI FI ED OBLIGATIONS DESPITE MILITARY NECESSITY-HUMANITY ALIGNMENT 158 7.2.1 GENERAL PARTICIPATION CLAUSE 160 7.2.2 NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CON FL ICTS 160 7.2.3 BELLIGERENT REPRISALS 162 7.3 JOINT SATISFACTION AMID MILITARY NECESSITY-HUMANITY CONTRADICTION 170 ******** IX CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 978-1-108-48471-8 * MILITARY NECESSITY NOBUO HAYASHI TABLE OF CONTENTS MORE INFORMATION WWW.CAMBRIDGE.ORG IN THIS WEB SERVICE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 7.3.1 NORM CONTRADICTION GENERALLY 171 7.3.1.1 LIBERTY AND PERMISSION AS THE ABSENCE OF A CONTRARY DUTY 171 7.3.1.2 OVERCOMING NORM CONTRADICTION IS ALWAYS A MATTER OF CHOICE 172 7.3.2 FRUSTRATION BETWEEN A DUTY AND A COUNTER-LIBERTY 175 7.3.3 NORM CONTRADICTION BETWEEN MILITARY NECESSITY AND HUMANITY 178 7.3.4 PERMISSION AND ' STRONG PRESSURE OR POLICY ' 180 7.4 OBLIGATIONS TO PURSUE JOINT SATISFACTION AMID MILITARY NECESSITY-HUMANITY CONTRADICTION 181 7.4.1 UNQUALI FI ED OBLIGATIONS 182 7.4.2 PRINCIPAL OBLIGATIONS 186 7.4.3 INDETERMINATE OBLIGATIONS 191 7.4.4 EXCEPTIONAL OBLIGATIONS 192 7.5 NO OBLIGATION TO PURSUE JOINT SATISFACTION AMID MILITARY | ||
| 992 | |a NECESSITY-HUMANITY CONTRADICTION 194 7.5.1 WHERE THE LAW AF FI RMATIVELY AUTHORISES NON-PURSUIT OF JOINT SATISFACTION 194 7.5.2 WHERE THE LAW FAILS TO OBLIGATE JOINTLY SATISFACTORY BEHAVIOUR 195 7.5.3 IN DUBIO PRO LIBERTATE OR PROHIBITIONE? 197 7.6 CONCLUSION 199 **** ** MILITARY NECESSITY IN ITS JURIDICAL CONTEXT 201 8 JOINT SATISFACTION THESIS III: EXCLUSIONARY AND NON-EXCLUSIONARY EFFECTS 203 8.1 FROM NORMATIVITY TO JURIDICITY 203 8.2 PERILS OF EXCLUDING MILITARY NECESSITY PLEAS VIS-A-VIS UNQUALI FI ED IHL RULES ON UNSOUND EMPIRICAL BASES AND A CONTRARIO REASONING 205 8.3 IHL NORM-CREATION NOT INVOLVING THE MILITARY NECESSITY * HUMANITY INTERPLAY 206 8.3.1 INVOLVING MILITARY NECESSITY BUT NOT HUMANITY 207 8.3.2 INVOLVING HUMANITY BUT NOT MILITARY NECESSITY 212 8.4 EXCLUDING INDIFFERENCE PLEAS 214 8.4.1 EXCLUSIONARY BASIS 215 8.4.2 KRIEGSRAESON AND ITS VARIATIONS 215 8.4.2.1 CONSISTENCY WITH MILITARY NECESSITY AS CONCLUSIVE LAWFULNESS, ALL THINGS CONSIDERED 216 8.4.2.2 SELF-PRESERVATION 217 8.4.2.3 MATERIAL IMPOSSIBILITY AND IMPRACTICALITY 220 8.4.3 HUMANITAETSRAESON 221 X ******** CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 978-1-108-48471-8 * MILITARY NECESSITY NOBUO HAYASHI TABLE OF CONTENTS MORE INFORMATION WWW.CAMBRIDGE.ORG IN THIS WEB SERVICE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 8.4.3.1 CONSISTENCY WITH HUMANITY ' S INDIFFERENT PERMISSIONS AS CONCLUSIVE LAWFULNESS, ALL THINGS CONSIDERED 222 8.4.3.2 MISUSING THE RED CROSS EMBLEM IN BLOODLESS HOSTAGE RESCUE OPERATIONS 223 8.4.3.3 ' MERCY KILLING ' 225 8.4.3.4 FORCIBLY PREVENTING CIVILIANS FROM LEAVING BESIEGED LOCALITIES 226 8.4.3.5 IMPLEMENTING VON MOLTKE ' S ' GREATEST KINDNESS ' 230 8.5 ADMITTING NON-INDIFFERENCE PLEAS 232 8.5.1 COUNTER- KRIEGSRAESON 233 8.5.1.1 LACK OF MILITARY NECESSITY AS CONCLUSIVE UNLAWFULNESS, ALL THINGS CONSIDERED 233 8.5.1.2 POSITIVE IHL RULES AS NECESSITY-BASED DEROGATIONS FROM PEACETIME RULES 236 8.5.1.3 PURPORTED NON-EXCLUSION OF ELEMENTS OF MILITARY | ||
| 992 | |a NECESSITY THROUGH IHL NORM-CREATION 237 8.5.1.4 ' CAPTURE RATHER THAN KILL ' 239 8.5.2 HUMANITAETSGEBOT ? 241 8.5.2.1 REPATRIATING VS. NOT REPATRIATING POWS AFTER THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES 243 8.5.2.2 INTERNING POWS ON LAND VS. INTERNING THEM ABOARD VESSELS AT SEA 248 8.5.3 COUNTER- HUMANITAETSGEBOT ? 250 8.5.3.1 ' CAPTURE RATHER THAN KILL ' REDUX: STRETCHING THE ENVELOPE OF POSITIVE LAW 251 8.5.3.2 ' CAPTURE RATHER THAN KILL ' REDUX: RIPPING THE ENVELOPE OF POSITIVE LAW 256 8.6 PROMOTING HUMANITY ABOVE AND BEYOND POSITIVE IHL OBLIGATIONS 257 8.7 CONCLUSION 259 9 SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTENT OF JURIDICAL MILITARY NECESSITY 261 9.1 JURIDICAL MILITARY NECESSITY AS AN EXCEPTION 262 9.2 MILITARY NECESSITY AS AN EXCEPTION VS. STATE OF NECESSITY AS A CIRCUMSTANCE PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS 263 9.2.1 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RULES 263 9.2.2 DISTINCT CONTENTS 266 9.3 SPECI FI C REQUIREMENTS OF JURIDICAL MILITARY NECESSITY 267 9.3.1 MEASURE WAS TAKEN PRIMARILY FOR SOME SPECI FI C MILITARY PURPOSE 269 9.3.1.1 EXISTENCE OF A SPECI FI C PURPOSE 269 9.3.1.2 PURPOSE ' S PRIMARILY MILITARY NATURE 270 9.3.1.3 SUBMISSION OF THE ENEMY? 275 ******** XI CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 978-1-108-48471-8 * MILITARY NECESSITY NOBUO HAYASHI TABLE OF CONTENTS MORE INFORMATION WWW.CAMBRIDGE.ORG IN THIS WEB SERVICE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 9.3.2 MEASURE WAS REQUIRED FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF THE MILITARY PURPOSE 276 9.3.2.1 MEASURE ' S MATERIAL RELEVANCE TO THE MILITARY PURPOSE ' S ATTAINMENT 277 9.3.2.2 LEAST EVIL AMONG MATERIALLY RELEVANT AND REASONABLY AVAILABLE MEASURES 281 9.3.2.3 PROPORTIONALITY BETWEEN THE INJURY AND THE GAIN 285 9.3.2.4 NOTE ON URGENCY 298 9.3.2.5 NOTE ON DEGREES 299 9.3.3 MILITARY PURPOSE FOR WHICH THE MEASURE TAKEN WAS IN CONFORMITY WITH IHL 301 9.3.4 MEASURE ITSELF WAS OTHERWISE IN CONFORMITY WITH IHL 304 9.4 MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS 307 9.4.1 KNOWLEDGE 307 9.4.1.1 KNOWLEDGE OF PURPOSE 307 | ||
| 992 | |a 9.4.1.2 KNOWLEDGE OF PERTINENCE, INJURIOUSNESS AND PROPORTIONALITY 310 9.4.2 COMPETENCE 312 9.5 CONCLUSION 313 10 MILITARY NECESSITY AND ELEMENTS OF CRIMES 315 10.1 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL RESIDUAL MECHANISM FOR CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS 316 10.1.1 ABSENCE OF MILITARY NECESSITY AS AN ELEMENT OF LARGE-SCALE PROPERTY DESTRUCTION 317 10.1.1.1 ARTICLE 2(D), ICTY STATUTE 317 10.1.1.2 ARTICLE 3(B), ICTY STATUTE 319 10.1.1.3 ARTICLE 5(H), ICTY STATUTE 322 10.1.2 INSTANCES OF MILITARILY UNNECESSARY PROPERTY DESTRUCTION 325 10.1.3 PROPERTY DESTRUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF COMBAT 325 10.1.3.1 LAWFULNESS OF THE UNDERLYING MILITARY ACTIVITIES 326 10.1.3.2 ATTACK VS. DESTRUCTION 327 10.1.3.3 MILITARY NECESSITY VS. MILITARY OBJECTIVE 331 10.1.3.4 DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY CONSTITUTING A MILITARY OBJECTIVE 334 10.1.3.5 DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY CONSTITUTING A CIVILIAN OBJECT 336 10.1.3.6 PROPERTY DESTRUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF COMBAT: A SUMMARY 342 10.1.4 PROPERTY DESTRUCTION OUTSIDE THE CONTEXT OF COMBAT 346 10.1.5 ABSENCE OF MILITARY NECESSITY AS AN ELEMENT OF FORCIBLE DISPLACEMENT 351 XII ******** CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 978-1-108-48471-8 * MILITARY NECESSITY NOBUO HAYASHI TABLE OF CONTENTS MORE INFORMATION WWW.CAMBRIDGE.ORG IN THIS WEB SERVICE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 10.2 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 355 10.2.1 ARTICLE 8 AND ELEMENTS OF CRIMES: MILITARY NECESSITY AS AN EXCEPTION 355 10.2.2 RULINGS TO DATE 361 10.2.3 ARTICLE 31: MILITARY NECESSITY AS A JUSTI FI CATION/ EXCUSE? 365 10.2.3.1 NARROWER IN CONTENT THAN MILITARY NECESSITY AS AN EXCEPTION 368 10.2.3.2 BROADER AVAILABILITY TO OFFENCES NOT SUBJECT TO MILITARY NECESSITY EXCEPTIONS 370 10.3 CONCLUSION 371 **** * CONCLUSION 373 11 CONCLUSION 375 11.1 ACCOUNTING FOR MILITARY NECESSITY 375 11.1.1 MATERIAL MILITARY NECESSITY AS FITNESS OF MEANS AND VOCATIONAL COMPETENCE 376 11.1.2 MILITARY NECESSITY AS NORMATIVE INDIFFERENCE 376 11.2 NORMATIVE CONSEQUENCES 378 | ||
| 992 | |a 11.2.1 EXCLUSIONARY AND NON-EXCLUSIONARY EFFECTS 379 11.2.2 JURIDICAL MILITARY NECESSITY AS AN EXCEPTION 380 11.2.3 MILITARY NON-NECESSITY AS AN ELEMENT OF WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 381 11.3 SUMMARY 382 11.4 IMPLICATIONS BEYOND THE IMMEDIATE SCOPE OF THIS BOOK 382 11.4.1 IN RELATION TO JUS AD BELLUM 382 11.4.2 IN RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 386 11.4.3 IN RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 388 11.5 MILITARY NECESSITY: A NEW THEORY 389 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 391 INDEX 405 ******** XIII | ||
| 852 | |c VR: XVII H: 130 |m BOOK | ||
| 999 | |a VRH50 |b MPVRH |d VR: XVII H: 130 |e available |t Verfügbar |f 1 |g 0 |h N |i 4 |k i | ||