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|a 1-78068-049-X
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|a 978-1-78068-049-1
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|a VR XIV Fd 21
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|a Hallo de Wolf, Antenor
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|a Reconciling privatization with human rights
|c Antenor Hallo de Wolf
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|a Cambridge [u.a.]
|b Intersentia
|c 2012, 2012
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|a XVII, 750 S
|c 24 cm
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|a Zugl.: Maastricht, Univ., Diss., 2011
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|a General introduction -- Privatization in context -- Issues of doctrine -- Accountability for injury caused by privatization -- Privatization and the practice of human rights monitoring mechanisms -- Privatization of security and military services -- Privatization of essential public utilities -- Summary and general conclusions.
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|a Mit Zsfassung in engl. und niederländ. Sprache
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|a Hochschulschrift
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|a Hallo de Wolf, Antenor Gijs
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|a eng
|2 ISO 639-2
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|a 1602
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|a toc
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|a School of Human Rights Research series
|v 49
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|a VR000370335
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|a 9781780680491
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|a 9781780680491
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|a VR: XIV Fd
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|a VR: XV Fed
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|a VR: XIV Fd
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|a Staatshaftung. Staatsbürger.
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|a VR: XIV Fd
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|a VR: XV Fed
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|a Europarat: Europäische Menschenrechts-Konvention. Gerichtshof & Kommission. Europäische Sozialcharta
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|a VR: XV Fed
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|a Wolf, A. Hallo De
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|a Hallo de Wolf, A.
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|a Wolf, Antenor Hallo de
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|u http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz361791348inh.pdf
|3 ToC
|m Völkerrecht Heidelberg
|z VIEW
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| 992 |
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|a CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XVII CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. PROBLEM AND OBJECT OF STUDY 7 2.1. CONTEXT OF STUDY 7 2.2. HUMAN RIGHTS AND PRIVATIZATION 10 3. METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY 12 PARTI THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 17 CHAPTER II PRIVATIZATION IN CONTEXT 19 1. INTRODUCTION 19 2. PRIVATIZATION: DEFINITION, HISTORICAL CONTEXT, AND NATURE 19 2.1. DEFINING PRIVATIZATION AND ITS RATIONALE 19 2.2. PRIVATIZATION - NATIONALIZATION CYCLE IN BRIEF 22 2.2.1. THE PRIVATIZATION OF'CORE'OR'INTRINSIC'STATE FUNCTIONS 23 2.2.2. THE PRIVATIZATION OF NETWORKS, AND MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND UTILITIES 33 2.2.3. SOME OBSERVATIONS 36 2.3. DYNAMIC NATURE AND RATIONALE 37 2.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 40 3. METHODS OF PRIVATIZATION 41 3.1. PRIVATIZATION THROUGH THE TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP 42 3.2. PRIVATIZATION THROUGH THE TRANSFER OF MANAGEMENT 42 3.3. PRIVATIZATION THROUGH CONTRACTING OUT 43 3.4. PRIVATIZATION THROUGH DELIBERATE WITHDRAWAL OR INCAPACITY 43 3.5. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 44 4. PRIVATIZATION AND ITS ACTORS 44 4.1. THE STATE 45 4.2. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFIS) 47 4.3. NATIONAL AND MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES 52 VII CONTENTS 4.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 55 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 56 CHAPTER III ISSUES OF DOCTRINE 59 1. INTRODUCTION 59 2. PRIVATIZATION UNDER NATIONAL LAW 60 2.1. PRIVATIZATION AND NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONS 61 2.1.1. SUBSTANTIVE CONSTRAINTS 62 2.1.2. PROCEDURAL CONSTRAINTS 67 2.1.3. CONSTRAINTS BASED ON CONSTITUTIONAL/LEGAL TRADITIONS 67 2.2. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 68 3. PRIVATIZATION UNDER GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW 69 3.1. RELEVANT STATE OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 76 3.1.1. OBLIGATIONS PERTAINING TO INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW 77 3.1.2. OBLIGATIONS PERTAINING TO THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-INTERVENTION 78 3.1.3. OBLIGATIONS PERTAINING TO STATE RESPONSIBILITY 79 3.1.4. OBLIGATIONS ERGA OMNES 90 3.1.5. SOME OBSERVATIONS 91 3.2. OBLIGATIONS OF NON-STATE ACTORS 91
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|a 3.2.1. OBLIGATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 91 3.2.1.1. INDIRECT HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS? 94 3.2.1.2. PRACTICAL ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH INTERNAL AUDITING 99 3.2.2. OBLIGATIONS OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES 108 3.2.2.1. LEGAL OBLIGATIONS AND REGULATORY EFFORTS 112 3.2.2.2. THE SEARCH FOR ACCOUNTABILITY 121 3.2.3. SOME OBSERVATIONS 124 3.3. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 125 4. PRIVATIZATION UNDER HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 126 4.1. OBLIGATIONS EMANATING FROM HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 128 4.1.1. SPECIFIC HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATION OF STATES: GENERAL BACKGROUND 129 4.1.2. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OBLIGATIONS 132 4.1.2.1. NEGATIVE OBLIGATIONS AND PRIVATIZATION 133 4.1.2.2. POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS AND PRIVATIZATION 136 4.1.2.3. POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS: A DUTY TO REGULATE PRIVATIZED ACTIVITY? 142 4.1.3. OBLIGATIONS TO RESPECT, PROTECT AND FULFILL 145 4.1.4. CORE OBLIGATIONS WITH RESPECT TO ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS 148 4.1.5. SOME OBSERVATIONS 149 CONTENTS 4.2. MARGIN OF APPRECIATION AND PRIVATIZATION 150 4.2.1. GENERAL APPLICABILITY 151 4.2.1.1. MARGIN OF APPRECIATION, NEGATIVE OBLIGATIONS AND PRIVATIZATION 153 4.2.1.2. MARGIN OF APPRECIATION, POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS AND PRIVATIZATION 155 4.2.1.3. MARGIN OF APPRECIATION, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, AND PRIVATIZATION 157 4.2.2. MARGIN OF APPRECIATION, ITS LIMITS, AND PRIVATIZATION 159 4.2.2.1. MARGIN OF APPRECIATION, ECONOMICAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL NUISANCE AND PRIVATIZATION 160 4.2.2.2. MARGIN OF APPRECIATION, NON-DEROGABLE RIGHTS AND DUE PROCESS RIGHTS 167 4.2.2.3. MARGIN OF APPRECIATION AND CONSISTENT PRACTICE OF STATES 169 4.2.3. SOME OBSERVATIONS 170 4.3. AVAILABILITY OF (JUDICIAL) REMEDIES AND REGULATION 172 4.3.1. SUBSTANTIVE REMEDIES AND PRIVATIZATION 173 4.3.2. PROCEDURAL REMEDIES AND PRIVATIZATION 175 4.3.2.1. PROCEDURAL REMEDIES UNDER HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 177 4.3.2.2. REGULATION AS A PROCEDURAL REMEDY? 180 4.3.3. SOME OBSERVATIONS 183 4.4. DRITTWIRKUNG 185 4.4.1. CURRENT STATUS OF DRITTWIRKUNG
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|a UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 186 4.4.1.1. SUBSTANTIVE DRITTWIRKUNG 187 4.4.1.2. PROCEDURAL DRITTWIRKUNG 192 4.4.2. SOME OBSERVATIONS 193 4.5. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 195 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 196 CHAPTER IV ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INJURY CAUSED BY PRIVATIZATION 199 1. INTRODUCTION 199 2. STATE RESPONSIBILITY 200 2.1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY 201 2.2. ATTRIBUTION TO THE STATE FOR CONDUCT OF PRIVATE ACTORS 204 2.2.1. PRIVATE ACTORS EXERCISING ELEMENTS OF GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY. . . 206 2.2.1.1. THE DELEGATED FUNCTIONS MUST CONTAIN ELEMENTS OF GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY 210 2.2.1.2. THE FUNCTIONS, TASKS OR SERVICES MUST BE DELEGATED TO THE ENTITY BY LAW 221 IX CONTENTS 2.2.1.3. THE PRIVATE ENTITY MUST ACT IN A PUBLIC OR GOVERNMENTAL CAPACITY 222 2.2.2. PRIVATE ACTORS ACTING UNDER ORDERS OF, OR WHOSE CONDUCT IS CONTROLLED BY THE STATE 224 2.3. INDIRECT STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR FAILURE TO EXERCISE DUE DILIGENCE 230 2.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 234 3. RESPONSIBILITY OF PRIVATIZED ACTORS AS STATE ACTORS EXERCISING FUNCTIONS OF A PUBLIC NATURE 236 3.1. PRIVATE ACTORS AS STATE ORGANS UNDER INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 244 3.1.1. PRIVATE ACTORS AS STATE ORGANS IN THE CASE LAW OF UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY BODIES 245 3.1.2. PRIVATE ACTORS AS STATE ORGANS IN THE CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 248 3.1.2.1. PUBLIC AUTHORITY CASES 249 3.1.2.2. ARTICLE 34 ECHR CASES 252 3.1.2.3. CASES REGARDING RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CONDUCT OF NON-STATE ACTORS 254 3.1.3. SOME OBSERVATIONS 257 3.2. APPLICABILITY OF EU LAW TO PRIVATE ACTORS EXERCISING FUNCTIONS OF A PUBLIC NATURE 258 3.2.1. EU COMPETITION LAW AND GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY 258 3.2.2. FREEDOM TO PROVIDE SERVICES AND OFFICIAL AUTHORITY 260 3.2.3. APPLICABILITY OF DIRECTIVES TO PRIVATE ACTORS 263 3.2.4. APPLICABILITY OF EU PROCUREMENT LAW TO PRIVATE ACTORS ACTING ON BEHALF OF THE STATE 269 3.2.4.1. CONTRACTING AUTHORITIES OR OTHER BODIES GOVERNED BY PUBLIC LAW 269
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|a 3.2.4.2. OTHER CONTRACTING ENTITIES NOT NECESSARILY BEING PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS 275 3.2.5. SOME OBSERVATIONS 277 3.3. FUNCTIONS OF A PUBLIC NATURE AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 278 3.3.1. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF PRIVATE ACTORS EXERCISING PUBLIC FUNCTIONS. . . . 279 3.3.2. HUMAN RIGHTS REVIEW OF PRIVATE ACTORS EXERCISING PUBLIC FUNCTIONS 285 3.3.2.1. DEFINITION OF A 'PUBLIC AUTHORITY' UNDER THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 286 3.3.2.2. INTERPRETATION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT'S 'PUBLIC AUTHORITY' BY BRITISH COURTS 289 3.3.3. SOME OBSERVATIONS 301 X CONTENTS 3.4. APPLICABILITY OF CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS TO PRIVATE ACTORS IN THE UNITED STATES 303 3.4.1. THE STATE ACTION DOCTRINE 306 3.4.1.1. THE 'PUBLIC FUNCTION' TEST 307 3.4.1.2. THE 'NEXUS' TEST 314 3.4.1.3. THE'JOINT ACTION'TEST 316 3.4.1.4. PRIVATE PRISONS 318 3.4.2. SOME OBSERVATIONS 321 3.5. PRIVATE ENTITIES AS GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS IN CANADA 322 3.5.1. FORMAL APPLICABILITY OF THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 323 3.5.2. CHARTER APPLICABILITY TO NON-STATE ACTORS 325 3.5.2.1. APPLICABILITY TO NON-STATE ACTORS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE 'GOVERNMENT' 327 3.5.2.2. APPLICABILITY TO NON-STATE ACTORS PERFORMING A 'GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTION' 331 3.5.3. SOME OBSERVATIONS 334 3.6. APPLICABILITY OF PUBLIC LAW NORMS IN NON COMMON LAW COUNTRIES 335 3.6.1. APPLICABILITY OF PUBLIC LAW NORMS IN FRANCE TO PUBLIC SERVICES CARRIED OUT BY PRIVATE ACTORS 335 3.6.1.1. THE CONCEPT OF SERVICE PUBLIC 336 3.6.1.2. THE CONCEPT OF CONTRAT ADMINISTRATIF 340 3.6.2. APPLICABILITY OF PUBLIC LAW NORMS IN TO PRIVATIZED ACTIVITIES: THE CASE OF ECUADOR 342 3.6.3. SOME OBSERVATIONS 347 3.7. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 348 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 351 PART II PRACTICE AND SECTORIAL ANALYSIS 353 CHAPTER V PRIVATIZATION AND THE PRACTICE OF HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING MECHANISMS 355 1. INTRODUCTION 355 2. THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY BODIES AND PRIVATIZATION 357 2.1. HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE 359
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|a 2.1.1. GENERAL COMMENTS 359 2.1.2. CASE LAW 360 2.1.3. EXAMINATION OF STATE REPORTS 363 2.2. COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CUUURAL RIGHTS 368 2.2.1. GENERAL COMMENTS 368 2.2.2. EXAMINATION OF STATE REPORTS 372 XI CONTENTS 2.3. COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION . 379 2.3.1. GENERAL COMMENTS 379 2.3.2. EXAMINATION OF STATE REPORTS 380 2.4. COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN 382 2.4.1. GENERAL COMMENTS 382 2.4.2. EXAMINATION OF STATE REPORTS 383 2.5. COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE 385 2.5.1. GENERAL COMMENTS 385 2.5.2. EXAMINATION OF STATE REPORTS 386 2.6. COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 390 2.6.1. GENERAL COMMENTS 390 2.6.2. EXAMINATION OF STATE REPORTS 391 2.7. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 394 3. THE EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS SUPERVISORY MECHANISMS AND PRIVATIZATION. .. . 395 3.1. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 396 3.1.1. NON-ADMISSIBLE OR MANIFESTLY ILL-FOUNDED PRIVATIZATION CASES. . . 396 3.1.2. PRIVATIZATION AS AN ISSUE OF (INDIRECT) CONCERN BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 399 3.2. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE ON THE PREVENTION OF TORTURE 406 3.2.1. PRISON PRIVATIZATION IN THE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES 407 3.2.2. PRISON PRIVATIZATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 409 3.2.3. PRIVATE SECURITY SERVICES AND THE CPT 411 3.3. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS 413 3.3.1. PRIVATIZATION AND THE RIGHT TO WORK 414 3.3.2. PRIVATIZATION, THE RIGHT TO BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY AND THE RIGHT TO STRIKE 416 3.3.3. PRIVATIZATION, HEALTH CARE, SOCIAL SECURITY AND OTHER WELFARE RELATED RIGHTS 419 3.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 422 4. THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION 423 4.1. COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE APPLICATION OF CONVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 423 4.1.1. PRIVATIZATION AND THE PROHIBITION OF FORCED LABOR 424 4.1.2. PRIVATIZATION AND THE FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION 429 4.1.3. PRIVATIZATION AND THE PROTECTION OF WAGES 431 4.1.4. PRIVATIZATION AND SOCIAL SECURITY 431
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|a 4.1.5. PRIVATIZATION AND THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION AT WORK 433 4.1.6. PRIVATIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT INJURY BENEFITS 434 4.1.7. PRIVATIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT 434 4.2. ILO BODIES DEALING WITH COMPLAINTS AND ALLEGATIONS 438 4.2.1. THE ILO GOVERNING BODY 438 4.2.2. COMMITTEE ON FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION 440 4.2.2.1. PRIVATIZATION, JOB DISMISSALS AND ANTI-TRADE UNION DISCRIMINATION 440 XII CONTENTS 4.2.2.2. PRIVATIZATION MEASURES, THE SUSPENSION OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS AND THE DUTY TO CONSULT 445 4.2.2.3. PRIVATIZATION AND RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHT TO STRIKE OR BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY 447 4.3. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 452 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 454 CHAPTER VI PRIVATIZATION OF SECURITY AND MILITARY SERVICES 457 1. INTRODUCTION 457 2. IS WAR BEING PRIVATIZED? THE DEFINITION OF PRIVATIZATION OF MILITARY AND SECURITY SERVICES 461 3. THE MERCENARY ISSUE AND THE STATUS OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND MILITARY COMPANIES 465 3.1. MERCENARIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 465 3.2. MERCENARIES IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 466 3.3. THE EMERGENCE OF PMSCS 472 3.4. THE LEGAL STATUS OF PMSCS: MERCENARIES OR LEGITIMATE BUSINESSES? .... 474 3.4.1. DEFINING THE MERCENARY 474 3.4.2. DIFFICUHIES OF APPLYING THE CURRENT DEFINITION OF MERCENARY TO PMSCS 477 3.4.3. THE LEGAL STATUS OF PMSCS AND REGULATORY EFFORTS 480 3.5. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 495 4. CASE STUDY: PMSCS, IHL AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN ABU GHRAIB PRISON, IRAQ 497 4.1. THE PRESENCE OF PMSCS IN IRAQ 497 4.2. VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN ABU GHRAIB BY CONTRACTORS OF PMSCS 498 4.2.1. VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 501 4.2.2. VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 503 4.3. IS THE U.S. RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ALLEGED VIOLATIONS COMMITTED BY PMSCS OR THEIR STAFF? 506 4.3.1. STATE RESPONSIBILITY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 507 4.3.2. U.S. RESPONSIBILITY FOR PMSCS IN IRAQ 508 4.4. LEGAL REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO VICTIMS 512 4.4.1. INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL REMEDIES 514 4.4.2. NATIONAL PROCEDURAL REMEDIES 515 4.5.
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|a PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 526 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 526 XIII CONTENTS CHAPTER VII PRIVATIZATION OF ESSENTIAL PUBLIC UTILITIES 529 1. INTRODUCTION 529 2. THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES: DEFINITION, (HISTORICAL) CONTEXT, AND TECHNIQUES 536 2.1. DEFINING THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES 537 2.2. THE NATURE OF ESSENTIAL NETWORK AND WATER UTILITIES AND UNIVERSAL SERVICE OBLIGATIONS 539 2.3. METHODS AND MODES OF THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES 544 2.3.1. SERVICE CONTRACTS 545 2.3.2. MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS 546 2.3.3. LEASE CONTRACTS 546 2.3.4. CONCESSION CONTRACTS 547 2.3.5. BUILD-OPERATE-TRANSFER CONTRACTS 548 2.3.6. (FULL) DIVESTITURE 548 2.4. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND REASONS BEHIND THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES 548 2.4.1. PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES IN 'DEVELOPED' COUNTRIES 549 2.4.2. PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 551 2.5. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES 557 2.6. ISSUES OF GENERAL INTEREST REGARDING PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES AND RELATED SERVICES 565 2.6.1. PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC WATER 566 2.6.2. REGULATION OF PRIVATIZED WATER UTILITIES 568 2.6.3. PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES AND GATS 575 2.6.3.1. GATS: SCOPE AND APPLICATION 577 2.6.3.2. GATS AND PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES? 579 2.7. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 585 3. THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES AND ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS 586 3.1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS 587 3.2. THE RIGHT TO WATER: DEFINITION AND NORMATIVE CONTENT 593 3.2.1. DEFINITION OF THE RIGHT TO WATER 593 3.2.2. NORMATIVE CONTENT OF THE RIGHT TO WATER 596 3.3. SCOPE OF OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE RIGHT TO WATER 599 3.3.1. GENERAL OBLIGATIONS 599 3.3.2. SPECIFIC OBLIGATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO WATER 601 3.3.3. CORE OBLIGATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO WATER 610 3.3.4. VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO WATER 612 3.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 617 XIV CONTENTS 4. CASE STUDY: THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER
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|a UTILITIES IN THE CITY OF BUENOS AIRES . . 619 4.1. THE PRIVATIZATION OF ESSENTIAL UTILITIES IN ARGENTINA: BACKGROUND 620 4.2. THE BUENOS AIRES WATER CONCESSION 623 4.3. OUTCOMES OF THE BUENOS AIRES WATER PRIVATIZATION 634 4.3.1. AVAILABILITY 634 4.3.2. QUALITY 637 4.3.3. ACCESSIBILITY 641 4.3.3.1. PHYSICAL ACCESSIBILITY 642 4.3.3.2. ECONOMIC ACCESSIBILITY: 646 4.3.3.3. NON-DISCRIMINATION ACCESSIBILITY 650 4.3.4. VIOLATIONS ANALYSIS 653 4.3.4.1. VIOLATIONS OF OBLIGATION TO RESPECT? 654 4.3.4.2. VIOLATIONS OF OBLIGATION TO PROTECT? 656 4.3.4.3. VIOLATIONS OFOBLIGATION TO FULFILL? 662 4.3.4.4. VIOLATIONS OF CORE OBLIGATIONS 664 4.3.5. SOME OBSERVATIONS 665 4.4. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE EFFECTS OF THE PRIVATIZATION OF WATER UTILITIES IN BUENOS AIRES? 666 4.5. LEGAL REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO INDIVIDUALS 671 4.6. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 678 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 680 CHAPTER VLLI SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 683 1. SUMMARY 683 2. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 689 SAMENVALTING 697 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 707 TABLE OF CASES 721 INDEX 737 CURRICULUM VITAE 745 XV
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