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|a 978-90-411-4979-4
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|a 9041149791
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|a EG XII Bb 74
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|a Numhauser-Henning, Ann <<[HerausgeberIn]>>
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|a Age discrimination and labour law
|b comparative and conceptual perspectives in the EU and beyond
|c edited by Ann Numhauser-Henning, Mia Rönnmar
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|a Alphen aan den Rijn
|b Wolters Kluwer Law & Business
|c [2015]
|c ©2015, 2015
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|a xxix, 482 Seiten : Illustrationen
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|a Aufsatzsammlung
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|a kn
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|a Rönnmar, Mia <<[HerausgeberIn]>>
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|a eng
|2 ISO 639-2
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|a 1604
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|a ToC
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|a Studies in employment and social policy
|v volume 47
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|a VR000538845
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|a 827928823
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|a EG: XII Bb
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|a EG: XII Bb
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|a Arbeitsverhältnis. Arbeitsschutzrecht. Arbeitsvermittlung. Berufsberatung.
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|a EG: XII Bb
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|a Henning, Ann
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|a Henning, Ann Numhauser-
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|a Henning, Ann N.-
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|u https://aleph.mpg.de:443/F?func=service&doc_library=VRH01&local_base=VRH01&doc_number=000960615&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
|3 ToC
|m Völkerrecht Heidelberg
|z VIEW
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|a TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS VII PART I INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTKR 1 INTRODUCTION ANN NAMHAUSER-HENNING & MIA RONNMAR 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 SETTING THE SCENE 4 1.3 A THEMATIC APPROACH: INTERNATIONAL LAW, EU LAW AND CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVES 9 1.4 A COMPARATIVE APPROACH - NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EU AND BEYOND 15 CHAPTER 2 ENTRY AND EXIT PATTERNS FROM THE LABOUR FORCE: A EUROPEAN AND LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVE DOMINIQUE ANXO 17 2.1 INTRODUCTION 17 2.2 YOUNG AND OLD ON THE LABOUR MARKET: STYLIZED FACTS 18 2.2.1 YOUNG PEOPLE IN EUROPE 18 2.2.2 ELDERLY WORKERS IN EUROPE: TRANSITIONS FROM WORK TO RETIREMENT 21 2.3 BARRIERS AT ENTRY AND EXIT PATTERNS: INSTITUTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS 25 2.3.1 EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION REGULATIONS 26 2.3.2 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 28 XVN TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.3.3 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS SYSTEM, WAGE-SETTING AND MINIMUM WAGE 28 2.3.4 JOB QUALITY AND WORKING CONDITIONS 29 2.4 POLICY INTERVENTIONS 31 2.4.1 YOUTH PROGRAMMES 31 2.4.2 POLICIES TARGETED TOWARD OLDER WORKERS 33 2.5 CONCLUSION APPENDIX PART II THEMATIC ISSUES AND EU LAW DEVELOPMENTS 49 CHAITKR 3 CONSTITUTIONAL AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ASPECTS OF AGE DISCRIMINATION CALM O'CINNEUIE 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION 51 3.2 THE PROBLEM OF AGE DISCRIMINATION 51 3.3 THE CROSS-FERTILIZATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS JURISPRUDENCE AND ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW 55 3.4 THE UNCERTAIN STATUS OF AGE DISCRIMINATION IN CONSTITUTIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 57 3.5 AGE EQUALITY AS PAN OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF EU LAW 64 3.6 CONCLUSION 69 CH.-V-'TKK 4 PROPORTIONALITY IN AGE DISCRIMINATION CASES: TOWARDS A MODEL SUITABLE FOR SOCIALLY EMBEDDED RIGHTS DTIGMAR SCHIEK 71 4.1 INTRODUCTION 71 4.2 A REVISED CONCEPTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY 72 4.2.1 THE TRADITIONAL PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY 72 4.2.1.1 ORIGINS: RIGHTS VERSUS STATES 72 4.2.1.2 CRITIQUE 73 4.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY UNDER A SOCIALLY EMBEDDED RIGHTS REGIME 75
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|a 4.2.2.1 JANUS-FACED PROPORTIONALITY FOR PROTECTING RIGHTS ADEQUATELY 75 4.2.2.2 REVISED PROPORTIONALITY, DEMOCRACY AND JUDGE POWER 76 4.2.2.3 STRUCTURE OF PROPORTIONALITY ANALYSIS 77 4.2.3 SUMMARY 78 4.3 PROPORTIONALITY IN CJEU AGE DISCRIMINATION CASES: THE STATUS QUO 79 4.3.1 PROPORTIONALITY, UNEQUAL TREATMENT AND DISCRIMINATION 79 4.3.2 AGE DISCRIMINATION UNDER EU DIRECTIVE 2000/78 80 XVIN TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3.3 PROPORTIONALITY IN THE COURT'S CASE LAW 81 4.4 TOWARDS A MORE REASONED APPROACH 82 4.4.1 RATIONALES BEHIND THE EU BAN ON AGE DISCRIMINATION 82 4.4.1.1 GENERAL RATIONALE FOR NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 83 4.4.1.2 OTHER RATIONALES FOR BANNING AGE DISCRIMINATION 84 4.4.1.3 SUMMARY: COUNTERVAILING RATIONALES OF THE AGE DISCRIMINATION BAN 86 4.4.2 A BETTER REASONED APPLICATION OF PROPORTIONALITY ANALYSIS 86 4.4.2.1 SETTING A'NORMAL'RETIREMENT AGE 87 4.4.2.2 RETIRING EARLIER THAN THE GENERAL RETIREMENT AGE 89 4.4.2.3 WAGE DIFFERENTIATION 90 4.5 CONCLUSION 91 CHAPTER 5 EU AGE DISCRIMINATION LAW AND OLDER AND YOUNGER WORKERS: COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION CASE LAW DEVELOPMENT CHRISTA TOBLER 93 5.1 INTRODUCTION 93 5.2 THE BROADER CONTEXT OF EU NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 94 5.3 CJEU CASE LAW ON AGE DISCRIMINATION UNDER DIRECTIVE 2000/78 95 5.3.1 'EXTENSIVE CASE LAW': MOSTLY ON OLDER WORKERS, MOST PRELIMINARY RULINGS 95 5.3.2 THE CONTEXT OF THE CASE LAW: 'DYNAMIC', 'CONTROVERSIAL'? 97 5.3.2.1 THE APPLICABLE UNION LAW: THE MANGOLD APPROACH AS A PARTICULARLY CONTROVERSIAL ELEMENT OF THE COURT'S CASE LAW 97 5.3.2.2 SCOPE 99 5.3.2.2.1 PERSONAL SCOPE 99 5.3.2.2.2 MATERIAL SCOPE 100 5.3.2.3 DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF AGE 101 5.3.2.3.1 DIRECT DISCRIMINATION 101 5.3.2.3.2 INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 102 5.3.2.3.3 MULTIPLE DISCRIMINATION? 103 5.3.2.4 JUSTIFICATION 103 5.3.2.4.1 STATUTORY AND OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION 103 5.3.2.4.2 ARTICLE 2(5): PUBLIC SECURITY, ORDER AND HEALTH, AND PROTECTION OF THE
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|a RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF OTHER 104 5.3.2.4.3 ARTICLE 4: GENUINE AND DETERMINING OCCUPATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 105 XIX TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.3.2.4.4 ARTICLE 6(1): OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION IN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY 106 5.3.2.4.4.1 GENERAL RAMIFICATIONS 106 5.3.2.4.4.2 LEGITIMATE AIM 107 5.3.2.4.4.3 PROPORTIONALITY 109 5.3.2.4.5 ARTICLE 6(2): AGE CRITERIA IN ACTUARIAL CALCULATIONS HO 5.3.2.5 THE OTHER SIDE OF EQUALITY: POSITIVE ACTION UNDER ARTICLE 7 1H 5.3.2.6 SOME REMARKS ON ENFORCEMENT 111 5.4 CONCLUSION *" CM/M'TI'.R 6 LABOUR LAW, PENSION NORMS AND THE EU BAN ON AGE DISCRIMINATION: TOWARDS ULTIMATE 1'K'XIBILIZATION? ANN SIIMHAUSER-HENNING US 6.1 INTRODUCTION US 6.2 AGE AS A TRADITIONAL SOCIAL STRATIFIER 118 6.2.1 INTRODUCTION 118 6.2.2 THE STANDARD EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT 118 6.2.3 THE STANDARD PENSION CONTRACT 121 6.3 FLEXIBILIZATIOIV. A DOMINATING TREND 123 6.3.1 INTRODUCTION 123 6.3.2 THE FLEXIBILIZATION OF WORK 124 6.3.3 TOWARDS FLEXIBLE PENSIONS 125 6.4 THE ROLE OF AGE DISCRIMINATION LAW 127 6.4.1 INTRODUCTION 127 6.4.2 AGE AS A SOCIAL STRATIFIER 128 6.4.3 THE FURTHER FLEXIBILIZATION OF WORK 134 6.5 SOME REMARKS FOR THE FUTURE 136 C:!.\:'!T.K 7 AN INTERSECTIONAL APPROACH TO AGE DISCRIMINATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: BRIDGING DIGNITY AND DISTRIBUTION? JUDV FTUIGE & ANIA ZBYSZEWSKA 141 7.1 INTRODUCTION 141 7.2 AGE AS A GROUND OF DISCRIMINATION IN EUROPEAN UNION LAW 142 7.2.1 WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT AGE? 142 7.2.2 APPROACHES TO AGE DISCRIMINATION: DIGNITY AND DISTRIBUTION 144 ".3 INTERSECTIONALITY AS A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE: BRIDGING DIGNITY AND DISTRIBUTION 147 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.4 MULTIPLE GROUNDS OF DISCRIMINATION: TRANSLATING INTERSECTIONALITY INTO A LEGAL APPROACH 149 7.5 TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE/INTERSECTING GROUNDS IN CJEU DECISIONS ON AGE 1S2 7.5.1 MULTIPLE GROUNDS OF DISCRIMINATION RAISED 155 7.5.2 MULTIPLE GROUNDS BENEATH THE SURFACE 159 7.6 CONCLUSION 161 PART III NATIONAL LAW DEVELOPMENTS 165
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|a A THE EUROPEAN UNION 165 CHAPTER 8 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN FINLAND: LEGAL TREATMENT OF YOUNGER AND OLDER WORKERS IN AGEING SOCIETY KEVDT NOUSIAINEN 167 8.1 INTRODUCTION: AGEING POPULATION - A COMPELLING CAUSE FOR POLICIES 167 8.2 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 172 8.3 ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW 176 8.4 LABOUR LAW AND AGE DISCRIMINATION 180 8.5 CONCLUSIONS 182 CHAPTER 9 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN FRANCE SOPHIE ROBIN-OLIVIER 185 9.1 INTRODUCTION: AGE AND THE LABOUR MARKET 185 9.2 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW 187 9.2.1 LEGAL BASIS OF THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON AGE 188 9.2.1.1 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 188 9.2.1.2 STATUTORY PROVISIONS PROHIBITING DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUND OF AGE 190 9.2.2 ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW 191 9.2.2.1 FACILITATING THE PROOF OF DISCRIMINATION AND OTHER PROCEDURAL MEASURES 192 9.2.2.1.1 THE ISSUE OF PROVING AGE DISCRIMINATION 192 9.2.2.1.2 REMEDIES 193 9.2.2.2 ACTORS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT 194 9.2.2.2.1 UNIONS'ACTIONS IN COURTS 194 XXI TABLE OF CONTENTS 9.2.2.2.2 POSSIBLE INTERVENTION OF WORKERS' REPRESENTATIVES 194 9.2.2.2.3 LIMITED POWERS OF LABOUR INSPECTORS 195 9.2.2.2.4 A POWERFUL NEWCOMER: THE INDEPENDENT BODY IN CHARGE OF COMBATING DISCRIMINATION [DEFENSEUR DES DROITS) 195 9.2.3 LESSONS FROM CASE LAW 196 9.2.3.1 UNILATERAL TERMINATION WHEN WORKERS REACH A CERTAIN AGE 196 9.2.3.2 TAKING AGE INTO ACCOUNT IN COLLECTIVE REDUNDANCIES 199 9.2.3.3 DISCRIMINATORY TERMINATION 199 9.3 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR LAW 200 9.3.1 PUBLIC POLICIES CONCERNING RETIREMENT AND PENSIONS 200 9.3.1.1 THE EXTENSION OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS FOR SENIORS 200 9.3.1.2 THE POSSIBILITY TO ACCUMULATE EMPLOYMENT AND PENSION BENEFITS 201 9.3.2 MEASURES AIMED AT FOSTERING EMPLOYMENT OF SENIORS AND YOUNGER WORKERS 201 9.3.2.1 FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS 202 9.3.2.2 EMPLOYMENT POLICIES TARGETING SENIORS 202 9.3.2.2.1 PROTECTION OF OLDER WORKERS IN COLLECTIVE REDUNDANCIES 202
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|a 9.3.2.2.2 WORK CONTRACT TERMINATION AT PENSIONABLE AGE 203 9.3.2.2.3 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING ON SENIORS' EMPLOYMENT 203 9.3.2.3 EMPLOYMENT POLICIES TARGETING YOUNGER WORKERS 204 9.3.2.4 A SYNTHESIS: THE NEW CONTRAT DE GENERATION 2QS 9.4 CONCLUSION 205 CI'AHT.R 10 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN GERMANY MOMKA SCHLACHTER 207 10. T INTRODUCTION 207 10.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 209 10.3 AGO WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 212 10.3.1 STATUTORY FRAMEWORK 212 10.3.1.1 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 212 10.3.1.2 ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LEGISLATION 212 XXN TABLE OF CONTENTS 10.4 10.5 10.3.1.3 10.3.2 CASE LAW 10.3.2.1 10.3.3.2 10.3.2.3 10.3.2.4 AGE IN THE CONTEXT OF CONCLUDING REMARKS DISMISSAL PROTECTION RECRUITMENT WORKING CONDITIONS STATUTORY NOTICE PERIODS COMPULSORY RETIREMENT LABOUR LAW 215 216 216 217 218 218 219 221 CHAPTER 11 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN LITHUANIA TOMAS DAVULIS 223 11.1 INTRODUCTION 223 11.2 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 225 11.3 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR LAW 229 11.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 231 CHAPTER 12 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN THE NETHERLANDS EVERT VERHULP & EVA HERDE 233 12.1 INTRODUCTION 233 12.2 THE CURRENT SITUATION ON THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE NETHERLANDS 233 12.3 PENSIONS 235 12.3.1 THE DUTCH PENSION SCHEME 235 12.3.2 THE PENSION AGREEMENT 236 12.4 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 236 12.4.1 THE DUTCH EQUAL TREATMENT IN EMPLOYMENT (AGE DISCRIMINATION) ACT 236 12.4.1.1 INTRODUCTION 236 12.4.1.2 SCOPE 237 12.4.1.3 JUSTIFICATION 237 12.4.1.3.1 OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION 238 12.4.1.3.2 PENSIONS 238 12.4.1.4 PROTECTION, BURDEN OF PROOF AND VOIDANCE 238 12.4.2 DISMISSAL UPON REACHING RETIREMENT AGE AND COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS 239 12.4.2.1 AUTOMATIC DISMISSAL UPON REACHING RETIREMENT AGE 239 12.4.2.2 RETIREMENT AGE DISMISSAL CLAUSES IN COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS 239 12.4.2.3 OTHER AGE-RELATED CLAUSES IN COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS 240 12.4.4 THE KLM CASE 240 XXIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
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|a 12.5 AGE DISCRIMINATION IN OTHER AREAS OF LABOUR LAW 242 521S.I NOTICE PERIOD FOR DISMISSAL 242 12.5.2 THE SUB-DISTRICT COURT FORMULA 242 12.5.3 THE SENIORITY PRINCIPLE AND THE AGE BRACKET PRINCIPLE 243 12.5.4 TRANSITION-COMPENSATION 244 12.5.5 AGE DISCRIMINATION IN REDUNDANCY PLANS 245 12.5.6 FURTHER CHANGES OF THE DISMISSAL LAW AND PROPOSALS 245 12.6 CONCLUSION 246 CHAI'TKR 13 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN POLAND LESZEK MITMS 249 13.1 INTRODUCTION 249 13.2 GENERAL SITUATION 250 13.3 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 252 13.4 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF TERMINATING THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP 256 13.5 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR MARKET ORGANIZATION 258 13.6 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL SECURITY LAW 259 13.7 CONCLUSIONS 261 C;;,V:-::K 14 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN SPAIN: THE VISION FROM THE SOUTH HDITI LOPEZ LOPEZ & CHELO CHACARTEGUI 263 14.1 INTRODUCTION: READING POLICIES ON EQUALITY AND ANTI-DISCRIMINATION FOR YOUTH: FAIRNESS AS THE GOAL 263 14.2 YOUNG WORKERS AS FICTIVE COMMODITIES: PRECARIOUS CONTRACTS AND EDUCATION AS PROFESSIONAL TRAINING 265 14.3 LABOUR EMPLOYMENT POLICIES FOR THE YOUTH IN THE SPANISH CASE: PRECARITY AS A FORM OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION 267 14.4 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND COMPULSORY RETIREMENT IN THE CLAUSES OF THE SPANISH COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS 269 14.5 AGE AND GENDER: INTERSECTIONS AND INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION IN SOCIAL SECURITY REGULATIONS 272 14.6 AGE AND INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION: CO-PAYMENT AND ACCESS TO PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 276 14.7 CONCLUSION: AGE DISCRIMINATION IN THE SPANISH CASE: THE CONSOLIDATION OF PERVERSE TRENDS WITH THE EXCUSE OF THE CRISIS 277 C:-;V:::H 15 AGO DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN SWEDEN H'NAV JULEN VOTMIIIS 279 15.1 INTRODUCTION 279 XXSV TABLE OF CONTENTS 15.2 THE AGE FACTOR IN LATE AND EARLY STAGES OF WORKING LIFE 279 15.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO SWEDISH LABOUR LAW AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 279 15.2.2 THE DEMOGRAPHIC FRAME OF REFERENCE 280 15.2.3 THE PENSION SYSTEM 281
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|a 15.2.4 THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE WORKFORCE 282 15.2.5 POLICY INITIATIVES TO COUNTERACT YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT 283 15.2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 284 15.3 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 284 15.3.1 THE CONSTITUTION 284 15.3.2 THE DISCRIMINATION ACT: BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 284 15.3.3 FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION 286 15.3.4 EXEMPTIONS FROM THE PROHIBITION AGAINST DIRECT AGE DISCRIMINATION 288 15.4 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR LAW 290 15.4.1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AGE WITHIN LABOUR LAW 290 15.4.2 AGE AS A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE AREA OF WORKING ENVIRONMENT 291 15.4.3 AGE AS A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE AREA OF WAGES 292 15.4.4 AGE AS A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE AREA OF EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION INCLUDING FIXED-TERM EMPLOYMENT 292 15.5 CONCLUSIONS 294 CHAPTER 16 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN THE UK: MANAGING AGEING CATHERINE BARNARD & SIMON DEAKIN 297 16.1 INTRODUCTION 297 16.2 THE CURRENT SITUATION 298 16.2.1 THE DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT 298 16.2.2 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES 301 16.2.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 301 16.3 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND EMPLOYMENT 302 16.4 RETIREMENT AGE 304 16.4.1 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT 304 16.4.2 THE DEFAULT RETIREMENT AGE 2006-2011 305 16.4.3 THE POSITION AFTER 2011 308 16.5 A CASE STUDY OF A UNIVERSITY 311 16.5.1 THE CONTEXT 311 16.5.2 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE AND THE EMPLOYER-JUSTIFIED RETIREMENT AGE 313 16.6 CONCLUSIONS 316 XXV TABLE OF CONTENTS B OUTLOOK BEYOND THE EUROPEAN UNION 319 CILAI-.T.K 17 AGO DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN AUSTRALIA: AN AMBIVALENT COMMITMENT TO EQUALITY IN THE FACE OF A DEMOGRAPHIC IMPERATIVE THERE*? MACDENNOTT & JOELLEN RILEY 321 17.1 INTRODUCTION 321 17.2 GENERAL BACKGROUND 322 17.2.1 INTRODUCTION 322 17.2.2 YOUNG AUSTRALIANS 322 17.2.3 OLDER AUSTRALIANS 323 17.3 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 325 17.4 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR LAW 330 17.4.1 INTRODUCTION 330 17.4.2 JUNIOR RATES OF PAY 331 17.4.3 OLDER WORKERS 333 17.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 336 CMA;":-:-:K 18
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|a AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOR LAW IN JAPAN: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO AGE DISCRIMINATION LAW IN A MOST RAPIDLY AGEING COUNTRY? TAKASHI ARAKI 337 18.1 INTRODUCTION: NON-DISCRIMINATION APPROACH VERSUS ACTIVE PROMOTION APPROACH 337 18.2 GENERAL SITUATION OF AGEING IN THE JAPANESE POPULATION 340 18.2.1 RAPID AGEING AND INCREASES IN PENSIONABLE AGE 340 18.2.2 HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATE OF OLDER PERSONS 342 18.2.3 YOUTH EMPLOYMENT SITUATION 342 18.3 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW: NON-ADOPTION ON NON-DISCRIMINATION APPROACH 344 18.3.1 NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW IN JAPAN AND AGE DISCRIMINATION 344 15.3.2 EXCEPTIONAL REGULATION CONCERNING RECRUITMENT AND HIRING DISCRIMINATION BY REASON OF AGE 344 18.4 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOR LAW: JAPAN'S ACTIVE PROMOTION APPROACH 345 18.4.1 EMPLOYMENT RATE OF OLDER PERSONS (1976-1986) 345 18.4.2 EXTENSION OF MANDATORY RETIREMENT AGE FROM 55 TO 60 (1986-2004) 346 18.4.2.1 MANDATORY RETIREMENT, LIFETIME EMPLOYMENT AND YOUTH EMPLOYMENT 346 18.4.2.2 DUTY TO ENDEAVOR TO SET MANDATORY RETIREMENT AGE AT 60 AND OLDER (1986-1994) 348 XXV I TABLE OF CONTENTS 18.4.2.3 PROHIBITION TO SET MANDATORY RETIREMENT AGE BELOW 60 (1994- (EFFECTIVE 1998-)) 350 18.4.3 DUTY TO EMPLOY UNTIL 65 BY THREE OPTIONS (2004- (EFFECTIVE2006-)) 350 18.4.3.1 EMPLOYMENT UNTIL 65: FROM ENDEAVOR OBLIGATION TO MANDATORY OBLIGATION BY THE 2004 REVISION 350 18.4.3.2 2012 REVISION; PROHIBITION OF SELECTION 353 18.5 CONCLUSIONS: ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS 353 18.5.1 ANALYSIS 353 18.5.2 SOME PROSPECTS 355 CHAPTER 19 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN LATIN AMERICA: THE CHALLENGES OF EQUALITY LAW IN LIGHT OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT SERGIO GAMONAL C, & CESAR F. ROSADO MARZDN 357 357 358 360 360 361 361 361 362 363 364 364 368 370 372 375 376 378 CHAPTER 20 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA: INTERSECTIONA) AND INTERGENERATIONAL CHALLENGES NICOLA SMIT 379 20.1 INTRODUCTION 379 20.2 DEMOGRAPHICAL AND LABOUR MARKET OVERVIEW 380
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|a 20.3 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 382 20.4 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR LAW 389 20.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 394 XXVII 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 INTRODUCTION AN INSIDIOUS CATEGORY THE PLIGHT 19.3.1 19.3.2 19.3.3 19.3.4 19.3.5 19.3.6 THE PLIGHT 19.4.1 19.4.2 19.4.3 19.4.4 19.4.5 19.4.6 CONCLUSIOR OF YOUNGER WORKERS IN LATIN AMERICA INTRODUCTION ARGENTINA BRAZIL CHILE MEXICO URUGUAY OF OLDER WORKERS: A REAL TIME BOMB INTRODUCTION ARGENTINA BRAZIL CHILE MEXICO URUGUAY TABLE OF CONTENTS 21.1 21.2 21.3 INTRODUCTION THE NEW R DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE AMERICAN WORKFORCE PROHIBITIONS ON AGE DISCRIMINATION 21.3.1 21.3.2 21.3.3 21.3.4 21.3.5 21.3.6 21.3.7 21.3.8 INTRODUCTION COVERAGE PROOF OF DISCRIMINATION MIXED MOTIVES ANALYSIS DISPARATE IMPACT EXCEPTIONS AND DEFENSES ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES REMEDIES CHAPTKR 21 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOR LAW IN THE UNITED STATES GILLIAN LESTER 397 397 401 401 402 402 405 405 406 407 407 21.4 QUESTIONS FOR LAW AND POLICY REFORM 407 21.4.1 "RETIREMENT AGE" 407 21.4.2 IS AGE DISCRIMINATION LAW ADEQUATE? 409 PAR: IV CONCLUSION 413 CHAITF.K 22 AGE DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR LAW: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS MIA RONNMAR 415 22.1 INTRODUCTION 415 22.2 OLDER WORKERS, YOUNGER WORKERS AND THE ROLE OF AGE IN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR MARKETS AND WELFARE STATES 418 22.3 AGE IN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 421 22.3.1 INTRODUCTION 421 22.3.2 A COMMON FRAMEWORK: INTERNATIONAL LAW, EU LAW AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 421 22.3.3 AGE DISCRIMINATION LAW 423 22.3.3.1 NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW IN GENERAL AND LEGAL SOURCES OF AGE DISCRIMINATION LAW 423 22.3.3.2 THE CONCEPT OF AGE, PROTECTED GROUPS AND SCOPE 426 22.3.3.3 PROHIBITIONS OF AGE DISCRIMINATION AND ACTIVE MEASURES 427 22.3.3.4 EXEMPTIONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS OF AGE-RELATED DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT 428 22.3.3.5 THE ROLE OF SOCIAL PARTNERS AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 430 XXVIN TABLE OF CONTENTS 22.3.3.6 BURDEN OF PROOF, DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND ENFORCEMENT 431
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|a 22.3.4 ALTERNATIVES TO A BAN ON AGE DISCRIMINATION 432 22.4 AGE IN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR LAW 433 22.4.1 INTRODUCTION 433 22.4.2 RECRUITMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS 433 22.4.3 FLEXIBLE EMPLOYMENT AND EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION 437 22.4.4 COMPULSORY RETIREMENT 442 22.5 CONCLUSIONS 445 CHAPTER 23 CONCLUDING DISCUSSION ANN NUMHAUSER-HENNING & MIA RDNNMAR 449 23.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 449 23.2 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR MARKETS, WELFARE STATES AND LEGAL CULTURES 451 23.3 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 453 23.3.1 THE NOTION OF AGE, RATIONALES BEHIND AGE DISCRIMINATION LAW AND INTERSECTIONAL PERSPECTIVES 453 23.3.2 JUSTIFICATION AND PROPORTIONALITY: A CENTRAL THEME 457 23.4 AGE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR LAW 459 23.4.1 RECRUITMENT, WORKING CONDITIONS AND FLEXIBLE EMPLOYMENT 459 23.4.2 COMPULSORY RETIREMENT, EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION AND INTERGENERATIONAL SOLIDARITY 460 23.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 463 LIST OF CASES 465 INDEX 477 XXIX
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