The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union : at the crossroads between public and economic interests
| Published: | Alphen aan den Rijn : Kluwer Law Internat., 2010 |
|---|---|
| Persons: | |
| Format: | Book / Printed Book / Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | Energy and environmental law & policy series
; 10 |
| Physical description: | XXXII, 617 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789041132871 |
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Janssen, Katleen The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union at the crossroads between public and economic interests by Katleen Janssen Alphen aan den Rijn Kluwer Law Internat 2010, 2010 XXXII, 617 S. Zugl.: Leuven, Univ., Diss., 2009 Hochschulschrift Energy and environmental law & policy series 10 VR000817377 http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/63207423X.pdf ToC Völkerrecht Heidelberg VIEW |
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Janssen, Katleen |
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Janssen, Katleen The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union : at the crossroads between public and economic interests Energy and environmental law & policy series VR000817377 |
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Janssen, Katleen Janssen, Katleen |
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Janssen, Katleen |
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Janssen, Katleen |
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The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union : at the crossroads between public and economic interests |
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at the crossroads between public and economic interests |
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The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union |
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The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union at the crossroads between public and economic interests by Katleen Janssen |
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The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union at the crossroads between public and economic interests by Katleen Janssen |
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The availability of spatial and environmental data in the European Union at the crossroads between public and economic interests by Katleen Janssen |
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availability of spatial and environmental data in the european union : at the crossroads between public and economic interests by katleen janssen |
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Energy and environmental law & policy series VR000817377 |
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Kluwer Law Internat |
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2010 |
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XXXII, 617 S. |
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KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL THE AVAILABILITY OF SPATIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND ECONOMIC INTERESTS BY KATLEEN JANSSEN 0 . WOLTERS KLUWER LAW & BUSINESS AUSTIN TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE XXVII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XXIX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT REFERENCES XXXI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 I. SETTING 1 A. SPATIAL DATA 1 B. PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 2 C. VALUE OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 3 D. THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN MAKING SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE 4 E. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 6 II. THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 7 III. STRUCTURE AND OUTLINE OF THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS 8 A. STRUCTURE 8 B. OUTLINE 8 CHAPTER 2 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS 11 I. INTRODUCTION 1 1 II. SCOPE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE LEGISLATION 12 III. SCOPE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE TYPE OF DATA 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. SPATIAL DATA 16 1. DATA 16 A. DATA OR INFORMATION 16 B. |
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WOLTERS KLUWER LAW & BUSINESS AUSTIN TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE XXVII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XXIX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT REFERENCES XXXI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 I. SETTING 1 A. SPATIAL DATA 1 B. PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 2 C. VALUE OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 3 D. THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN MAKING SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE 4 E. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 6 II. THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 7 III. STRUCTURE AND OUTLINE OF THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS 8 A. STRUCTURE 8 B. OUTLINE 8 CHAPTER 2 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS 11 I. INTRODUCTION 1 1 II. SCOPE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE LEGISLATION 12 III. SCOPE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE TYPE OF DATA 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. SPATIAL DATA 16 1. DATA 16 A. DATA OR INFORMATION 16 B. INFORMATION OR DOCUMENT 19 2. SPATIAL 20 3. SPATIAL DATA 21 B. SPATIAL DATA UNDER THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 21 C. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 27 1. ENVIRONMENTAL 27 2. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION IN THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE 28 3. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION IN THE AARHUS CONVENTION 30 D. PUBLIC SECTOR DATA 32 1. PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION - GOVERNMENT INFORMATION - PUBLIC INFORMATION - PUBLIC DOMAIN INFORMATION 32 2. PUBLIC SECTOR DOCUMENTS UNDER THE PSI DIRECTIVE 33 IV. SCOPE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE ORGANIZATIONS HOLDING THE DATA 34 A. PUBLIC SECTOR AND RELATED TERMS 35 1. PUBLIC SECTOR 35 2. STATE AND GOVERNMENT 36 3. ADMINISTRATION 39 4. PUBLIC SERVICE 39 B. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES UNDER THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE AND THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 40 1. THE DEFINITION OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE 40 2. THE DEFINITION OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 42 3. THE DEFINITION OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN THE AARHUS aCONVENTION 44 C. PUBLIC SECTOR BODIES UNDER THE PSI DIRECTIVE 45 1. THE DEFINITION OF THE PSI DIRECTIVE 45 2. CONTRACTING AUTHORITIES UNDER THE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT DIRECTIVES 47 A. STATE, REGIONAL, AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 47 B. BODIES GOVERNED BY PUBLIC LAW 49 I. MEETING NEEDS IN THE GENERAL INTEREST NOT HAVING AN INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL CHARACTER 50 II. THE CLOSE DEPENDENCY TEST 55 C. ASSOCIATIONS FORMED BY ONE OR SEVERAL AUTHORITIES OR ONE OR SEVERAL BODIES GOVERNED BY PUBLIC LAW 57 D. RELEVANCE FOR THE PSI DIRECTIVE 57 TABLE OF CONTENTS D. COMMON DENOMINATOR BETWEEN PUBLIC SECTOR BODIES AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 58 V. COMMON DENOMINATOR BETWEEN SPATIAL DATA, PUBLIC SECTOR DATA, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 59 VI. SCOPE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE PURPOSE OF USE 61 A. ACCESS 62 B. RE-USE 64 C. SHARING 66 D. INTERIM SUMMARY 67 VII. A FIRST INDICATION OF THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 67 CHAPTER 3 EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 69 I. INTRODUCTION 69 II. ACCESS 70 A. INTRODUCTION 70 B. THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE 70 1. HISTORY: DIRECTIVE 90/313/EEC 71 A. ACCESS UPON REQUEST 71 B. DISSEMINATION BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES OF THEIR OWN MOTION 74 C. FOLLOW-UP 74 2. THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE 75 A. INTRODUCTION 75 B. OBJECTIVES 75 C. DEFINITIONS 77 D. ACCESS TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION UPON REQUEST 79 I. GENERAL PRINCIPLE 79 II. TIME LIMITS 79 III. REQUESTS FORMULATED IN TOO GENERAL A MANNER 81 IV. FORM OR FORMAT OF THE INFORMATION 82 V. FACILITATING MEASURES 84 VI. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RIGHT OF ACCESS 85 VII. CHARGES 91 E. ACCESS TO JUSTICE 93 F. DISSEMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 95 G. QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION: ARTICLE 8 OF THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE 97 3. REVIEW OF THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE 98 C. INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 99 1. INTRODUCTION 99 2. THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE AND THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE 100 XI TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. ACCESS TO NETWORK aSERVICES 100 A. ESTABLISHMENT OF NETWORK SERVICES 101 B. LIMITATION OF ACCESS TO NETWORK SERVICES 103 C. CHARGES FOR NETWORK SERVICES 107 III. RE-USE 111 A. HISTORY 111 1. GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE SYNERGY BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN THE INFORMATION MARKET 111 2. THE PUBLAW REPORTS 114 3. THE STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE AND THE 1997 BONN MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE 116 4. THE GREEN PAPER ON PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION 117 5. THE EEUROPE 2002 COMMUNICATION 119 B. THE PSI DIRECTIVE 121 1. OBJECTIVE 122 2. TITLE 123 3. SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE 125 A. INTRODUCTION 125 B. RE-USE OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS 125 C. RE-USE BY ANY NATURAL OR LEGAL PERSON 127 D. PRACTICAL MEANS OF FACILITATING RE-USE 127 E. LIMITATIONS ON THE FIELD OF APPLICATION 128 I. DOCUMENTS THE SUPPLY OF WHICH IS AN ACTIVITY FALLING OUTSIDE OF THE PUBLIC TASK 129 II. DOCUMENTS FOR WHICH THIRD PARTIES HOLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 129 III. DOCUMENTS EXCLUDED FROM ACCESS 131 IV. DOCUMENTS HELD BY PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS 132 V. DOCUMENTS HELD BY EDUCATIONAL, RESEARCH, AND CULTURAL ESTABLISHMENTS 133 F. DOCUMENTS CONTAINING PERSONAL DATA 134 4. DEFINITIONS 136 A. PUBLIC SECTOR BODY 136 B. DOCUMENT 136 C. RE-USE 137 D. HELD BY 139 E. PUBLIC TASK 139 5. GENERAL PRINCIPLE 140 6. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROCESSING OF REQUESTS FOR RE-USE 143 A. TIME LIMITS 143 B. COMMUNICATION OF THE GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL AND THE MEANS OF REDRESS 145 7. CONDITIONS FOR RE-USE 146 A. AVAILABLE FORMATS 146 B. CHARGES 148 XN TABLE OF CONTENTS C. TRANSPARENCY 150 D. LICENSES 151 E. PRACTICAL ARRANGEMENTS 152 8. NON-DISCRIMINATION 154 9. PROHIBITION OF EXCLUSIVE ARRANGEMENTS 155 C. THE REVIEW OF THE PSI DIRECTIVE 156 IV. SHARING 158 A. HISTORY 159 B. PREPARATORY PHASE 160 C. THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 162 1. OBJECTIVE AND GENERAL PROVISIONS 162 2. NETWORK SERVICES 164 3. DATA SHARING 164 A. GENERAL PRINCIPLE 164 B. RESTRICTIONS AT THE POINT OF USE 165 C. LICENSING AND CHARGING 166 D. aAUTHORITIES OUTSIDE THE BORDERS OF THE MEMBER STATES 168 E. LIMITATIONS ON SHARING 169 F. REFERENCES TO RE-USE? 170 V. SUMMARY 170 A. ACCESS 171 B. RE-USE 172 C. SHARING 173 D. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RULES ON ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 173 1. OBLIGATORY CHARACTER 174 2. LIMITATIONS ON THE AVAILABILITY OF DATA 174 3. CHARGES 175 4. TIME LIMITS 177 E. TOWARDS THE NEXT CHAPTER 177 CHAPTER 4 THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 179 I. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 179 II. IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 179 III. EXAMPLE: CHARGING FOR PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 181 A. INTRODUCTION 181 B. EXISTING RULES ON CHARGES FOR ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING IN THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE, THE PSI DIRECTIVE, AND THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 181 C. BASIS OF THE DEBATE ON CHARGING: COST RECOVERY V. OPEN ACCESS 183 XIN TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND OF THE DEBATE 183 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE OPEN ACCESS AND COST RECOVERY MODELS 184 3. DEMARCATION BETWEEN OPEN ACCESS AND COST RECOVERY 185 D. ARGUMENTS FOR OPEN ACCESS AND COST RECOVERY 186 1. INTRODUCTION 186 2. 'DEMOCRATIC ARGUMENTS': OPEN ACCESS INCREASES DEMOCRACY AND PARTICIPATION OF THE CITIZEN 189 3. THE 'WHY PAY TWICE' ARGUMENTS 192 A. 'THE INVESTMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE FOR THE PUBLIC TASK' 192 B. 'THE TAXPAYER HAS ALREADY PAID' 193 C. 'CHARGES BETWEEN PUBLIC BODIES MERELY SHIFT THE BUDGET' 197 4. 'THE MACRO-ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS': OPEN ACCESS IS AN INCENTIVE FOR ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 198 5. 'THE MICRO-ECONOMIC ARGUMENT': BETTER PERFORMANCE OF THE PUBLIC BODIES 201 A. QUALITY OF THE DATA 201 B. QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SERVICE 203 C. LIABILITY 205 D. TRANSACTION COSTS OF CHARGING FOR PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 206 6. 'THE POLITICAL ARGUMENT': COST RECOVERY IMPROVES THE NEGOTIATION aPOSITION OF THE PUBLIC BODY 208 7. EVALUATION OF THE ARGUMENTS 209 IV. PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 209 CHAPTER 5 OBLIGATIONS TO MAKE PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE IN INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LEGISLATION AND POLICY DOCUMENTS 213 I. INTRODUCTION 213 II. THE OBLIGATION OF MAKING PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE FOR ACCESS 214 A. INTRODUCTION 214 B. THE OBLIGATION OF MAKING PUBLIC SECTOR DATA AVAILABLE FOR ACCESS AS A PART OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION 215 1. UNITED NATIONS 215 A. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 215 B. THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 216 2. COUNCIL OF EUROPE 218 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS A. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 218 B. DOCUMENTS OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS AND THE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY 219 C. THE CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 221 3. INTERIM SUMMARY 225 C. INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN DOCUMENTS 226 1. ACCESS: FROM PASSIVE TO ACTIVE? 226 2. UNITED NATIONS 227 A. UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION 227 B. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) 228 3. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 231 A. REPORT ON DIGITAL BROADBAND CONTENT: PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION AND CONTENT 232 B. RECOMMENDATION FOR ENHANCED ACCESS AND MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION 233 4. COUNCIL OF EUROPE 234 A. RECOMMENDATION 854 (1979) OF THE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY ON ACCESS BY THE PUBLIC TO GOVERNMENT RECORDS AND FREEDOM OF INFORMATION 234 B. RECOMMENDATION NO. R(81)19 OF THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS ON THE ACCESS TO INFORMATION HELD BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 235 C. RECOMMENDATION REC(2002)2 OF THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS TO MEMBER STATES ON ACCESS TO OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 236 D. CONVENTION ON ACCESS TO OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 237 5. EUROPEAN UNION 240 A. ACCESS TO PUBLIC SECTOR DATA HELD BY THE aEUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES 240 I. ARTICLE 15 OF THE TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (FORMER ARTICLE 255 OF THE EC TREATY) 240 II. ARTICLE 42 OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EU 242 III. REGULATION 1049/2001 REGARDING PUBLIC ACCESS TO EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, COUNCIL, AND COMMISSION DOCUMENTS 242 IV. TOWARDS A REVIEW OF REGULATION 1049/2001: THE GREEN PAPER ON PUBLIC ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS HELD BY INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 246 XV TABLE OF CONTENTS B. ACCESS TO PUBLIC SECTOR DATA HELD BY THE MEMBER STATES 248 I. PUBLAW REPORTS 249 II. GREEN PAPER ON PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION 249 D. THE OBLIGATION OF MAKING ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AVAILABLE FOR ACCESS IN EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS 250 1. UNITED NATIONS 250 A. RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 250 B. GUIDELINES FOR ACCESS TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 251 C. THE AARHUS CONVENTION 253 I. BACKGROUND 253 II. ARTICLE 3 OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION: GENERAL PROVISIONS 255 III. ARTICLE 4 OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION: ACCESS TO INFORMATION UPON REQUEST 256 IV. ARTICLE 5 OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION: DISSEMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 258 2. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT: RECOMMENDATION OF THE COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 261 3. COUNCIL OF EUROPE: THE LUGANO CONVENTION 262 4. EUROPEAN UNION 263 A. ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS HELD BY THE COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES: REGULATION 1367/2006 263 B. ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS HELD BY MEMBER STATES 266 I. DIRECTIVE 90/313/EEC 266 II. ACCESS DIRECTIVE 267 III. ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS HELD BY MEMBER STATES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: SHARED ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (SEIS) 268 E. THE OBLIGATION OF MAKING SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE FOR ACCESS IN EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS 268 1. UNITED NATIONS 268 A. UNITED NATIONS SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE 268 B. GLOBAL EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS 269 2. EUROPEAN UNION 270 A. THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 270 B. GLOBAL aMONITORING FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY (KOPERNIKUS) 271 F. INTERIM SUMMARY 272 III. THE OBLIGATION OF MAKING PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE FOR RE-USE 274 A. INTRODUCTION 274 B. DOES FREEDOM OF INFORMATION INCLUDE A RIGHT TO RE-USE THE INFORMATION? 275 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS C. INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN DOCUMENTS 275 1. UNITED NATIONS 276 A. UNESCO POLICY GUIDELINES 276 B. UNITED NATIONS SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE 276 C. GLOBAL EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS 277 2. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 277 3. COUNCIL OF EUROPE 279 4. EUROPEAN UNION 280 A. SYNERGY GUIDELINES 280 B. THE PUBLAW REPORTS 280 C. GREEN PAPER ON PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION 282 D. EEUROPE 2002 COMMUNICATION 283 E. THE PSI DIRECTIVE 283 F. THE COMMISSION DECISION ON THE RE-USE OF COMMISSION INFORMATION 285 G. GLOBAL MONITORING FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY (KOPERNIKUS) 286 D. INTERIM SUMMARY 287 IV. THE OBLIGATION OF MAKING PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE FOR SHARING 289 A. INTRODUCTION 289 B. INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN DOCUMENTS 290 1. UNITED NATIONS 290 A. RIO DECLARATION AND AGENDA 21 290 B. FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 291 C. UNITED NATIONS SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE 291 D. GLOBAL EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS 293 2. EUROPEAN UNION 295 A. INSPIRE 295 B. SHARED ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (SEIS) 296 C. GLOBAL MONITORING FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY 297 C. INTERIM SUMMARY 299 V. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK TOWARDS THE NEXT CHAPTER: WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE PUBLIC BODIES TO MAKE PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE? 300 CHAPTER 6 DEFINING THE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 303 I. INTRODUCTION 303 II. TYPE OF USER TO WHOM PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA IS MADE AVAILABLE 304 A. USERS REQUESTING PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA FOR ACCESS 305 B. USERS REQUESTING PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA FOR RE-USE 305 C. USERS REQUESTING PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA FOR SHARING a306 XVN TABLE OF CONTENTS III. TYPE OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA THAT IS MADE AVAILABLE 307 A. TYPOLOGIES OF PUBLIC SECTOR DATA 308 B. TYPES OF PUBLIC SECTOR DATA BASED ON THE CONTENT 313 1. SPATIAL DATA 313 2. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 315 C. TYPES OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA BASED ON THE LEVEL OF PROCESSING 316 D. TYPES OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA BASED ON FORMAT AND VOLUME 318 E. INTERIM SUMMARY 320 IV. THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA SHOULD BE MADE AVAILABLE 321 A. DEMOCRATIC OBJECTIVES 322 1. TRANSPARENCY 322 2. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 322 3. LEGITIMACY AND ACCOUNTABILITY 324 4. FULFILLING ONE'S RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 326 B. SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES 327 1. PARTICIPATION IN SOCIETY: SOCIETAL GROWTH 327 2. DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITIES 330 3. ECONOMIC GROWTH 331 4. PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA AS A PUBLIC GOOD 332 A. WHAT IS A PUBLIC GOOD? 332 B. IS INFORMATION A PUBLIC GOOD? 335 C. IS PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA A PUBLIC GOOD? 337 C. BETTER DECISION MAKING 338 D. INTERIM SUMMARY 339 V. THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 340 A. ACCESS AND RE-USE 341 B. RE-USE AND SHARING 347 CHAPTER 7 THE PUBLIC TASK OF PROVIDING SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES IN INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LEGISLATION AND POLICY DOCUMENTS 351 I. INTRODUCTION 351 II. THE SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC TASK OF PROVIDING INFORMATION SERVICES FROM A POSITIVE POINT OF VIEW 353 A. INTRODUCTION 353 B. THE PUBLIC TASK OF PROVIDING SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES AS PART OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION? 353 1. UNITED NATIONS 354 A. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 354 B. THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 354 XVLLL TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. COUNCIL OF EUROPE 355 A. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 355 B. DOCUMENTS OF THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS AND THE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY 355 C. THE CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 356 3. INTERIM SUMMARY a356 C. THE PUBLIC TASK OF PROVIDING PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION SERVICES IN INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN DOCUMENTS 357 1. INTRODUCTION 357 2. UNITED NATIONS 357 A. UN SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION 357 B. UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) 358 3. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 359 4. COUNCIL OF EUROPE 360 A. RECOMMENDATION NO. R(81)19 OF THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS ON THE ACCESS TO INFORMATION HELD BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 360 B. RECOMMENDATION REC(2002)2 OF THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS TO MEMBER STATES ON ACCESS TO OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 361 C. CONVENTION ON ACCESS TO OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 361 5. EUROPEAN UNION 362 A. THE PROVISION OF INFORMATION SERVICES BY THE EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES 362 I. REGULATION 1049/2001 REGARDING PUBLIC ACCESS TO EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, COUNCIL, AND COMMISSION DOCUMENTS 362 II. GREEN PAPER ON PUBLIC ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS HELD BY INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 362 B. DOCUMENTS HELD BY THE MEMBER STATES 363 I. PUBLAW REPORTS 363 II. GREEN PAPER ON PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION 364 D. THE PUBLIC TASK OF PROVIDING ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SERVICES IN EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS 365 1. UNITED NATIONS 365 A. RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND AGENDA 21 365 B. GUIDELINES FOR ACCESS TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 366 C. THE AARHUS CONVENTION 367 2. OECD: RECOMMENDATION OF THE COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 369 XIX TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. EUROPEAN UNION 370 A. ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS HELD BY THE EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES: REGULATION 1367/2006 370 B. ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS HELD BY MEMBER STATES 371 I. DIRECTIVE 90/313/EEC 371 II. ACCESS DIRECTIVE 371 C. ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS HELD BY THE MEMBER STATES AND THE INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: SHARED ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (SEIS) 372 E. THE PUBLIC TASK OF PROVIDING SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES IN EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL aDOCUMENTS 373 1. UNITED NATIONS: GLOBAL EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS 373 2. EUROPEAN UNION 374 A. THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 374 B. GLOBAL MONITORING FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY (KOPERNIKUS) 375 F. INTERIM SUMMARY 375 III. THE SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC TASK OF PROVIDING INFORMATION SERVICES FROM A NEGATIVE POINT OF VIEW 377 A. INTRODUCTION 377 B. THE LIMITS ON THE PUBLIC TASK IN EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS 377 1. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 377 2. EUROPEAN UNION 379 A. GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE SYNERGY BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND THE PRIVATE SECTORS IN THE INFORMATION MARKET 379 B. PUBLAW REPORTS 380 C. GREEN PAPER ON PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION 381 D. THE EEUROPE 2002 COMMUNICATION 382 E. PSI DIRECTIVE 382 F. COMMISSION DECISION ON THE RE-USE OF COMMISSION INFORMATION 383 G. REVIEW OF THE PSI DIRECTIVE 383 C. INTERIM SUMMARY 385 IV. TOWARDS THE NEXT CHAPTER: WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC TASK OF PROVIDING INFORMATION SERVICES? 385 CHAPTER 8 THE POSSIBILITY OF DEFINING THE PUBLIC TASK 387 I. INTRODUCTION 387 II. THE QUESTION OF THE SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC TASK 388 A. INTRODUCTION 388 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS B. RECOGNITION OF THE PROBLEM 388 C. IMPACT OF THE LACK OF DEFINITION OF THE PUBLIC TASK 393 D. THE WHAT-QUESTION AND THE HOW-QUESTION 395 III. ATTEMPTS AT CRITERIA TO DETERMINE THE PUBLIC TASK 396 A. INTRODUCTION 396 B. THE POSITIVE APPROACH: WHAT THE PUBLIC BODIES SHOULD DO 397 1. LEGAL BASIS 397 2. LINK WITH THE CORE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PUBLIC BODY 401 3. MARKET FAILURE 401 4. PUBLIC INTEREST 405 A. GENERAL 405 B. CONCRETIZATION OF PUBLIC INTEREST: ACCESSIBILITY 407 I. ASPECTS OF ACCESSIBILITY 408 II. MEASURES TO ENSURE ACCESSIBILITY 410 III. THE DILEMMA IN ENSURING ACCESSIBILITY 411 IV. LINK WITH THE DISCUSSION ON RAW DATA AND ADDED VALUE 411 V. DILEMMA OF THE PUBLIC TASK 413 C. CONCRETIZATION OF PUBLIC INTEREST: TYPES OR TARGET GROUPS OF INFORMATION SERVICES 414 D. CONCRETIZATION OF PUBLIC INTEREST: UNIVERSAL aSERVICE 416 I. THE CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF UNIVERSAL SERVICE 416 II. APPROACHES TO THE UNIVERSAL SERVICE CONCEPT 420 III. THE USEFULNESS OF THE CONCEPT FOR SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 421 5. INTERIM SUMMARY 423 C. THE NEGATIVE APPROACH: WHAT THE PUBLIC BODIES SHOULD NOT DO 424 D. PUBLIC TASK V. MARKET: AN ABSOLUTE DEMARCATION LINE? 427 1. NOT EXHAUSTIVE 427 2. NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE 429 A. SELLING INFORMATION PRODUCTS AS PART OF THE PUBLIC TASK 429 I. GENERAL 429 II. THE EXAMPLE OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY 430 B. MARKET SERVICES IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 431 E. THE PUBLIC TASK DEBATE AND COMPETITION LAW 431 IV. COMPETITION LAW 433 A. PUBLIC BODIES AS UNDERTAKINGS 434 1. DEFINITION 434 2. THE STATE OR PUBLIC BODIES AS UNDERTAKINGS 436 3. APPLICABILITY TO SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 438 B. DISTORTIONS OF COMPETITION BY PUBLIC BODIES PROVIDING SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES AS UNDERTAKINGS 441 XXI TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ARTICLE 101 TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EU: AGREEMENTS BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS 442 A. GENERAL 442 B. APPLICABILITY TO SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 443 2. ARTICLE 102 TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EU: ABUSE OF A DOMINANT POSITION 444 A. GENERAL 444 I. DOMINANT POSITION 445 II. ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION 446 III. EXAMPLES OF ABUSIVE ACTS WITH REGARD TO PRICING 447 IV. EXAMPLE OF ABUSIVE ACTS: REFUSAL TO SUPPLY 449 B. APPLICABILITY TO SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 451 C. DISTORTIONS OF COMPETITION BY THE STATE AS A SOVEREIGN POWER 457 1. ARTICLE 107 TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EU: STATE AID 457 A. GENERAL 457 I. PRINCIPLE: PROHIBITION OF STATE AID 457 II. ELEMENTS OF THE STATE AID CONCEPT 458 III. COMPATIBLE STATE AID 460 B. APPLICABILITY TO SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 461 C. TRANSPARENCY AND SEPARATION OF ACTIVITIES 462 I. TRANSPARENCY DIRECTIVE 462 II. TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EU 463 III. APPLICABILITY TO SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 464 2. ARTICLE 106(1) OF THE TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE aEU: MEASURES REGARDING PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS AND UNDERTAKINGS WITH SPECIAL OR EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 466 A. INTRODUCTION 466 B. PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS AND UNDERTAKINGS WITH SPECIAL OR EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 467 C. MEASURES CONTRARY TO THE TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EU 470 D. ENFORCEMENT 472 E. APPLICABILITY TO SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 472 I. THE PRACTICE IN THE MEMBER STATES 472 II. PSI DIRECTIVE 473 D. SPECIAL CASE: SERVICES OF GENERAL (ECONOMIC) INTEREST 475 1. ARTICLE 106(2) TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EU 476 A. INTRODUCTION 476 B. DEFINITIONS 477 I. REVENUE PRODUCING MONOPOLY 477 II. SERVICE OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 477 C. CONDITIONS OF APPLICATION 480 I. ENTRUSTMENT 480 XXN TABLE OF CONTENTS II. PROPORTIONALITY 481 III. EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE 485 D. ENFORCEMENT 486 E. INTERIM SUMMARY 486 2. LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES 486 A. ARTICLE 16 OF THE EC-TREATY: FROM DEROGATION TO OBLIGATION 487 B. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION: FROM SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST TO SERVICES OF GENERAL INTEREST 489 I. IMPORTANCE OF SERVICES OF GENERAL INTEREST 489 II. CONCEPT OF SERVICES OF GENERAL INTEREST 490 III. NO CLEAR DEFINITION 491 IV. SOME ELEMENTS OF A SERVICE OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 492 C. SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST AND STATE AID 493 3. APPLICABILITY TO SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 496 A. SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 496 B. THE PUBLIC TASK AND SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 497 E. INTERIM SUMMARY: COMPETITION LAW AND SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 498 F. CONFRONTATION OF COMPETITION LAW WITH THE DIVISION IN THE EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 499 V. THE DEFINITION OF PUBLIC TASK REMAINS CONTINGENT 501 A. THE DEFINITION OF PUBLIC TASK CONTINUES TO EVOLVE 501 B. THE DEFINITION OF PUBLIC TASK REMAINS POLITICAL 505 C. THE SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC TASK DEPENDS ON WHO DEFINES IT 507 1. DEMOCRATIC PROCESS 507 2. STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT 508 3. aREGULATORY OR ADVISORY BODY 509 4. LEVEL OF DECISION MAKING 510 VI. INTERIM SUMMARY 512 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION 515 I. HYPOTHESIS: THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK 515 II. OVERVIEW OF THE RESULTS 516 A. ACCESS, RE-USE AND SHARING IN THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE, THE PSI DIRECTIVE AND THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 516 B. THE NEED FOR A DEMARCATION BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 516 XXIU TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. THE CONTENT OF ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 517 A. ACCESS 517 B. RE-USE 518 C. SHARING 519 D. COMPARISON 520 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEMARCATION 521 C. THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 522 D. PUBLIC BODIES AS PROVIDERS OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA 522 1. OBLIGATIONS TO MAKE PUBLIC SECTOR SPATIAL DATA AVAILABLE IN INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LEGISLATION AND POLICY DOCUMENTS 523 2. DEFINING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING 524 A. INDICATORS FOR THE TYPE OF USE 524 B. THE PURPOSE OF THE USE 525 3. CONFIRMATION OF THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACCESS, RE-USE, AND SHARING IN THE ACCESS DIRECTIVE, THE PSI DIRECTIVE, AND THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE 526 E. PUBLIC BODIES AS PROVIDERS OF SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 528 1. THE PUBLIC TASK TO PROVIDE SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES IN INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LEGISLATION AND POLICY DOCUMENTS 528 2. THE POSSIBILITY OF DEFINING THE PUBLIC TASK 530 A. CRITERIA FOR DEFINING THE SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC TASK TO PROVIDE SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES 530 B. COMPETITION LAW AS A SOURCE OF INSPIRATION 532 C. CONFIRMATION OF THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN RE-USE AND SHARING 535 III. FINAL CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER THOUGHTS 535 A. CONFIRMATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS 535 B. COMMENTS AND REFLECTIONS 535 1. WIDE DEFINITION OF RE-USE 536 A. RISK FOR THE RIGHT OF ACCESS 536 B. REVISION OF THE DEFINITION 537 2. THE CONCEPT OF THE PUBLIC TASK 538 A. THE UNCERTAIN CHARACTER OF THE PUBLIC TASK 539 B. aREDUCTION OF THE UNCERTAIN CHARACTER OF THE PUBLIC TASK 540 C. THE PUBLIC TASK ON THE LEVEL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 541 D. REDUCTION OF THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE PUBLIC TASK AT THE LEVEL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 542 XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. COHERENCE WITH OTHER LEGISLATION AND POLICIES 542 A. COMPETITION LAW 542 B. OTHER INFORMATION POLICIES AND LEGISLATION 543 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND POLICY DOCUMENTS 545 TABLE OF CASES 573 LIST OF REFERENCES 581 INDEX 613 XXV cEG: X Qb: 354 mBOOK aVRH50 bMPVRH cInstitutsbibliothek dEG: X Qb: 354 eavailable tVerfügbar f1 g0 hN i3 jBIB ki |